![]() ![]() (2013) studied a system with similar boundaries to produce 1 kg of AC from olive waste cake in laboratory scale, and reported an electricity consumption of 19.86 MJ. The water evaporation consumes between 84%–85% of the electricity in the impregnation stage, and represents between 67.2%–79.0% of the entire power consumption. Between 83.1%–93.1% of the power consumption is consumed in the impregnation stage, 6.6%–16.3% in pyrolysis, and 0.2%–0.7% while drying the material. The power consumption in ACSS production oscillate between approximately 17.00–50 MJ this electricity is supplied from the Mexican grid. Table 7 shows the materials and electricity requirements, as well as emissions released in the pyrolysis stage of the ACSS production according to Figure 1. The ACSS yield percentage (Y) was calculated for each ACSS produced, according to the follow equation, where M ACSS and M SS are the mass of the activated carbon and of precursor SSs: ![]() Then, the ACSS was dried at 70 ☌ for 12 h and stored in a desiccator. The obtained activated carbon from soybean shells (ACSS) was then washed with a HCl 0.1 N solution to remove the activating agent from the porous material. ![]() These pyrolysis experiments were carried out in triplicate in order to provide an estimate of the repeatability of each experimental run. To maintain an inert atmosphere in the reactor, a nitrogen flow of 1 L min -1 was fed through a reactor during the whole process. Once the activation temperature was reached, the samples were kept at a constant temperature for an established activation time (30, 105, and 180 min, Table 1). The simultaneous optimisation of the three responses indicates that the optimal activated carbon should be produced at 180 min, 650 ✬, and an impregnation ratio of 1 g soybean shell g ZnCl 2 -1.Ī mass of 20 g of the dry impregnated precursor was heated at a rate of 6 ☌ min -1 in an electric furnace into a quartz reactor, to reach the activation temperature (450 ☌, 550 ☌, and 650 ☌), according to the experimental design presented in Table 1. The most polluting stage of activated carbon production from soybean shells production is the impregnation stage, mainly for the use of ZnCl 2 as activating agent and the energy consumption. The principal results of the individual responses indicate that the iodine number is practically independent of the activation temperature in a range of 450 ✬–650 ✬ the yield is inversely proportional to activation time and exhibits minimum values between 500 ✬–600 ✬ and the environmental response single score presents the lowest value at a temperature and time activation of 450 ✬ and 30 min, respectively. Three quadratic equations were obtained and simultaneously optimised by maximisation of the overall desirability function. The independent factors included in the design of experiments were the impregnation ratio, temperature, and time activation. A 2 3 factorial design was developed to explore the performance of the technical responses yield and iodine number, and the single score of ReCiPe endpoint method, which was evaluated by means the life cycle assessment. ![]() In this study, a simultaneous optimisation of technical and environmental parameters for activated carbon production from soybean shells is presented. All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS ![]()
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